System Design

Designing large systems: building blocks, trade-offs, and worked case studies.

  1. Fundamentals & Estimation

    Latency, throughput, availability, and back-of-the-envelope math.

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  2. Networking & APIs

    DNS, load balancers, proxies, REST vs. gRPC, rate limiting.

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  3. Databases & Storage

    SQL vs. NoSQL, indexes, replication, partitioning, and sharding.

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  4. Caching & CDNs

    Cache placement, eviction, invalidation, and edge caching.

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  5. Queues, Streams & Async Work

    Message queues, logs, delivery guarantees, and back-pressure.

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  6. Consistency & Consensus

    CAP and PACELC, consistency models, leader election, quorums.

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  7. Reliability & Observability

    Redundancy, failover, retries, timeouts, metrics, and tracing.

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  8. Case Studies

    URL shortener, chat, news feed, rate limiter, and more, end to end.

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